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Задание 12 ЕГЭ по английскому языку: страница 3

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  1. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Part-time work while studying
    Oxbridge students are actively discouraged from working during term time, but others have no choice. More than two thirds of students rely on loans, but they don’t cover all the living expenses, which means that those who don’t have financial support from their parents are forced to take on work. For many, wages from part-time work are the only way they can make ends meet. It’s tough and it’s often the students’ academic work that loses out.
    This year, many freshers will be asking a familiar question: how much can they work during term time before it impacts their degree – and what kind of jobs are most suitable?
    The best and most understanding employers tend to be universities themselves. Many students have part-time jobs in cafés, bars and shops on campus. You can also work on an ad-hoc basis as a guide on open days and during freshers’ week. These will be at least minimum wage and are likely to offer a healthy number of hours to fit easily around studies.
    Longer term part-time jobs tend to provide a steady, though lower income. However, you may need to consider how flexible your hours will be. My friend who worked part-time as a waitress says that although she liked meeting people in the city, the work was often unreliable. “Once I didn’t get a shift for two months and it was too late in the year to get a new job. I was really short of money,” she says.
    However, be careful what you sign up for. Hannah Brown runs Manchester University’s “job shop”, which offers advice to students and advertises posts. She says more and more students are looking to work at university, but they should be careful. Her team don’t advertise anything over 20 hours a week and their advice is not to work more than 15. “We always advertise flexible jobs and avoid anything commission-based,” she says.
    Before you commit to a job, make employers aware of your timetable. “There have been numerous times where I’ve been put on a shift at the same time as a lecture or seminar,” says Josh Chapman, a third-year journalism student at Sheffield Hallam. “That can be difficult, because you miss out on information and teaching.”
    Meanwhile, jobs in retail and childcare – such as school pick-ups – offer more sociable hours. My other friend says studying before shifts is better than being too tired to do it at the end of the day. “I had less time to play with, so if I had work at 1 p.m., I’d get up at 8 a.m. and get four hours of studying in before I went.”
    Prioritise your health. Remember that you’re paying to be at university and get a degree, so don’t let your job make you weary. If you are exhausted, you will not have the energy to study. Night club and bar work can mess with sleeping patterns.
    Students from wealthier backgrounds can use their time to do relevant voluntary work and get involved in extracurricular activities. This is one reason why socioeconomic background is such a big predictor of job market success. However, Juan Garcia, employability and development adviser at Queen Margaret University, thinks part-time work that complements study can greatly enhance students’ employability after they graduate, and they should seek paid internships.
    For those who achieve this, working is one way to get ahead. Onwa Wonci worked 20 hours a week while studying at university. She says it wasn’t easy, but she was committed. The employer offered her a full-time job in her final year. She wouldn’t have a job now if she hadn’t gone through those struggles. You work hard for some time, but then your efforts are rewarded.

    Why do many students need part-time jobs?

    1)To pay student loans.
    2)To be independent of parents.
    3)To buy expensive stuff.
    4)To cover their living expenses.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  2. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Regular exercise
    Only a few lifestyle choices have as large an impact on your health as physical activity. But many face a problem of keeping up regular exercise. What are some of the tricks?
    At first, you can keep it short and sharp. My personal trainer, Robert, says a workout doesn’t have to take an hour: “A well-structured 15-minute workout can be really effective if you really are pressed for time.” As for regular, longer sessions, he says: “You tell yourself you’re going to make time and change your schedule accordingly.”
    My rule is: if it doesn’t work, change it. For example, it rains for a week, you don’t go running once and then you feel guilty. It’s a combination of emotion and lack of confidence that brings us to the point where, if people fail a few times, they think it’s a failure of the entire project. Remember it’s possible to get back on track.
    If previous exercise regimes haven’t worked, don’t beat yourself up or try them again – just try something else. We tend to be in the mindset that if you can’t lose weight, you blame it on yourself. However, if you could change that to: “This method doesn’t work for me, let’s try something different,” there is a chance it will be better for you and it prevents you having to blame yourself, which is not helpful.
    “We start to lose muscle mass over the age of around 30,” says Hollie Grant, a personal-training instructor. Resistance training (which is using body weight, such as press-ups, or equipment, such as resistance bands) is important, she says: “It is going to help keep muscle mass or at least slow down the loss. There needs to be some form of aerobic exercise, too, and we would also recommend people start adding balance challenges because our balance is affected as we get older.”
    My second rule is raising the ante. If you do 5-km runs and you don’t know if you should push faster or go further, rate your exertion from one to 10. As you see those numbers go down, that’s when you should start pushing yourself a bit faster. Robert says that, with regular exercise, you should be seeing progress over a two-week period and pushing yourself if you feel it is getting easier. You’re looking for a change in your speed, endurance, or strength.
    Another shortcut to regular exercise is to work out from home. If you have caring responsibilities, you can do a lot within a small area at home. In a living room, it is easy to do a routine where you might alternate between doing a leg exercise and an arm exercise. “It’s called Peripheral Heart Action training and involves doing six or eight exercises for upper and lower body. This effect of going between the upper and lower body produces a pretty strong metabolism lift and cardiovascular workout,” Robert says. Try squats, half press-ups, lunges, dips and raises. You’re raising your heart rate, working your muscles, and having a good general workout. These take no more than 15-20 minutes and only require a chair for some exercises.
    And what about doing chores? We are often told that housework and gardening can contribute to our weekly exercise targets, but is it that simple? “The measure really is you’re getting generally hot, out of breath, and you’re working at a level where, if you have a conversation with somebody while you’re doing it, you’re puffing a bit,” says Robert. With gardening, you’d have to be doing the heavier gardening – digging – and not just weeding. If you’re walking the dog, you can make it into a genuine exercise session – run with the dog, or find a route that includes some hills.
    So, I think everyone can do exercise regularly and experience the health benefits of physical activity – age, abilities, ethnicity, shape, or size do not matter.

    The purpose of the text is to ...

    1)discuss the health benefits of exercise.
    2)give advice on different types of exercise.
    3)share the author’s experience of exercising.
    4)explain how not to give up exercising.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  3. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    iGeneration: teenagers affected by phones
    One day last summer, around noon, I called Athena, a 13-year-old who lives in Houston, Texas. She answered her phone – she has had an iPhone since she was 11 – sounding as if she’d just woken up. We chatted about her favorite songs and TV shows, and I asked her what she likes to do with her friends. “We go to the mall,” she said. “Do your parents drop you off?” I asked, recalling my own middle-school days, in the 1980s, when I’d enjoy a few parent-free hours shopping with my friends. “No – I go with my family,” she replied. “We’ll go with my mom and brothers and walk a little behind them. I just have to tell my mom where we are going. I have to check in every hour or every 30 minutes.”
    Those mall trips are infrequent – about once a month. More often, Athena and her friends spend time together on their phones, unchaperoned. Unlike the teens of my generation, who might have spent an evening tying up the family landline with gossip, they talk on Snapchat, a smartphone app that allows users to send pictures and videos that quickly disappear. They make sure to keep up their Snapstreaks, which show how many days in a row, they have Snapchatted with each other. She told me she had spent most of the summer hanging out alone in her room with her phone. That is just the way her generation is, she said. “We didn’t know any life other than with iPads or iPhones. I think we like our phones more than we like actual people.”
    Some generational changes are positive, some are negative, and many are both. More comfortable in their bedrooms than in a car or at a party, today’s teens are physically safer than teens have ever been. They are markedly less likely to get into a car accident and, having less of a taste for alcohol than their predecessors, are less susceptible to drinking’s attendant ills.
    Psychologically, however, they are more vulnerable than Millennials were: rates of teen depression and suicide have skyrocketed since 2011. It is not an exaggeration to describe iGen as being on the brink of the worst mental-health crisis in decades. Much of this deterioration can be traced to their phones.
    However, in my conversations with teens, I saw hopeful signs that kids themselves are beginning to link some of their troubles to their ever-present phone. Athena told me that when she does spend time with her friends in person, they are often looking at their device instead of at her. “I’m trying to talk to them about something, and they don’t actually look at my face,” she said. “They’re looking at their phone, or they’re looking at their Apple Watch.” “What does that feel like, when you’re trying to talk to somebody face-to-face and they’re not looking at you?” I asked. “It kind of hurts,” she said. “It hurts. I know my parents’ generation didn’t do that. I could be talking about something super important to me, and they wouldn’t even be listening.”
    Once, she told me, she was hanging out with a friend who was texting her boyfriend. “I was trying to talk to her about my family, and what was going on, and she was like, ‘Uh-huh, yeah, whatever.’ So I took her phone out of her hands and I threw it at the wall.”
    Though it is aggressive behavior that I don’t support, on the other hand – it is a step towards a life with limited phone use. So, if I were going to give advice for a happy adolescence, it would be straightforward: put down the phone, turn off the laptop, and do something – anything – that does not involve a screen.

    According to the author, in her childhood she used to …

    1)do the shopping with her friends.
    2)go to the mall with her family.
    3)call her mother every half an hour.
    4)watch TV a lot.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  4. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Save a gap year until you graduate?
    Taking a gap year after your graduation exams has gone out of fashion. It could be down to its notoriety, now that voluntourism schemes are widely considered self-serving. And then of course there’s the cost, which many students are avoiding in favour of travelling for a month or two. “A lot of my friends take the mick out of me saying, ‘Oh, you went to Cambodia on a gap year’,” says Beth Adams, 21, who studied politics and international relations at the University of Manchester, and took a year out after graduating. “You do feel like you’re fulfilling a stereotype a bit.”
    According to researchers, the number of people deferring their university places has gone down from 8% in 2002 to around 5% last year. Instead of postponing university study, many graduates are taking a year out after receiving their degree. According to a survey carried out by YouGov and London Stansted airport, more young people are taking a gap year after university, and almost half of UK adults believe job prospects are enhanced by combining travel and learning. So is it better to save your gap year until after graduating?
    Definitely, when you’ve been in education for all those years, where your life is September to July, a break is a good idea. You can recharge your batteries and see the world outside the classroom. You can practise foreign languages and improve your communication skills. You have time to figure things out and a year of being able to work on different projects. As a result, you may land in a job in the industry you like.
    Although some take a gap year after university because they have a job lined up and managed to delay their start date, most are yet to secure work and are biding their time. It’s a common misconception that such individuals immediately go abroad to volunteer or travel. In reality, students don’t have the funds to do this. Many prefer to stay in their country juggling internships and part-time work.
    For those who do go abroad, a gap-year stint volunteering is no longer merely a way for middle-class kids to boost their CVs. Graduates say they are making more considered choices. The practical experience of working abroad helps some of them get ready for a master’s, which is something they do not have time to do during their finals.
    Graduates are also using gap years to explore different career routes. According to recruitment firm Tempo, more than half of students feel there is too much emphasis placed on graduate schemes when starting out in their career. Elena Ricci, 23, who graduated from the University of Southampton last year, agrees. “After I finished my degree, I didn’t really know what to do. So I worked for a law firm for a month, and then I went to Cambodia on a placement. If I had gone straight into a grad job, I don’t think I would have been happy,” she says.
    Although graduates can bring great skills to volunteering and enhance their employability, there are some risks attached. “You are delaying your career or further study for a year and some employers may not get why you’ve done it,” says Manuel Otero, a senior lecturer in social sciences at Cardiff University who specialises in the link between education and work. His advice is not to stand still. It makes sense to work out what to do, and one of the best ways to find out what to do is to try it out.
    After her year abroad, Ricci has now decided to start a master’s in September. She says graduates should ignore stereotypes and do what works for them. So, do what you want, regardless of what others might say. It’s up to you to decide. What works out for others may not work out for you, and vice versa. You never know till you try.

    Why is taking a gap year going out of fashion, according to Beth Adams?

    1)It is boring.
    2)It is quite expensive.
    3)It is too long.
    4)It is pointless.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  5. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    What can help you to live a better life
    There are lots of things that can help you to live a better life, but one of them is not that clear – boundaries. Boundaries are how we care and give support to those we love – without sacrificing our own health and happiness in the process. They are not necessarily about our relationships with people, as many might think. In the modern world, we sometimes need to set boundaries to using technology. Here are a few tricks I’ve found particularly useful.
    My number one must-have is treating the news like a snack. I am ready to stop scrolling through negative news or social media content, and you would probably benefit from doing the same. Many therapists recognise that constantly refreshing the headlines takes a toll on you; during the workday, it makes you think less about the work, and it causes unnecessary stress. “There’s a lot of pressure to keep up, like it’s what’s expected of me or the right thing to do, and I need to redefine what the actual limit is for me,” says Mike, who has a consulting agency in San Francisco. “What I would love to do is go back to the days before cable news, when the newspaper arrived once or twice a day.”
    If you don’t like your compulsive news-seeking habit either, join him in checking the headlines just twice a day. If that still feels like too much, I suggest subscribing to a weekly newsletter that summarizes recent events, and catching up in one condensed session. You’ll probably end up feeling more focused and optimistic.
    Another important thing is to banish tech from the bedroom. In 2026, change the relationship with your phone – at least for nights. Mike is going to start keeping his phone in another room, and he encourages others to set the same boundary. “Nobody has told me I need to have my phone next to me all the time, but for a long time I used to do it. I thought, “What if somebody calls in the middle of the night, or there’s an emergency?” “But I also can't think of a time when that happened,” Mike adds.
    If you, too, operate under the assumption that other people expect you to be available 24/7, reevaluate that notion, he suggests. You might find that if you keep your phone in another room overnight – after letting your friends know about your new boundary – you’ll sleep better and feel more refreshed in the morning.
    Last, but not least – trade virtual time for face time. Katy Mith’s days often pass in a virtual haze. The New York-based psychologist sees clients online during the day, and then hops back on a virtual call in the evening to meet with fellow leaders in the organizations she’s involved with. Then there’s even more tech when it’s time to catch up with long-distance friends and family. “I’ve had to think about how much of my life I want to spend in that medium,” says Mith, author of many books about well-being. “I’m trying to be very thoughtful about how much of my week is on virtual calls.”
    If that makes sense for you, she says, make it a point to say “no” to opportunities that are not part of your usual course of work and involve online meetings, or let the organizers know that you can’t commit to lots of virtual time. Then, they can choose to proceed with or without you, if you’re not going to be virtual with them a lot of the time.
    She also recommends seeking out community-based opportunities that prioritize getting together in person. “All those side conversations that happen when you get together with people are really good for your mental health and will help brighten your year.”
    These boundaries help create a balance between online and offline life, ensuring that technology use enriches rather than detracts from personal well-being and real-world interactions.

    The goal of the text is to …

    1)give a definition of boundaries.
    2)describe types of boundaries.
    3)give advice on limiting technology.
    4)share tricks of how to support others.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  6. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Family
    Growing up, I didn’t really dream of being a wife or mother. But one vision of a future family was in my mind like an internal live photo: five kids sit behind me in a car as we head west, my husband behind the wheel, and all of us laughing and singing to our favourite music bands. The order of the artists doesn’t matter; everyone gets a turn. This trip will take days, the sky blushing from rose to plum to highway-lit black several times before we’re done.
    It’s taken me 30 years to realize that this idyllic image of a future family, made of subconscious odds and ends, was not actually just a figment of my imagination. The summer after I turned 10, my parents packed up our van, and drove my sisters and me to California to meet relatives we’d seen only in pictures.
    Of course, the fantasy conveniently left out some unpleasant realities from our trip: five days of truck-stop showers, and four nights spent sleeping in bucket seats at rest stops to save money. Yet it captured the essence of how I experienced those who were closest to me. Family offered guaranteed belonging and protection from loneliness.
    If you didn’t have friends – and I struggled to make and keep them beginning in junior high school – family meant never spending a Friday night alone. And when the world incited more panic than peace in your bones, when your nervous system needed to be bubble-wrapped, family meant everything. They left their job at the factory floor to pick you up, or answered your frantic calls from the school’s payphone, and talked you down until everything felt light and airy. The youngest and most anxious of three girls, I’d been born into a family of people who stretched their love over mine, covering me as I moved through a world that constantly overwhelmed me.
    I have my own family now, and it looks a bit like my vision. Three kids and a minivan, littered with remnants of kids’ meals, and a spouse who adores telling you how to make every little step. The five of us can barely make the 15-minute drive to a supermarket, let alone to California, without name-calling and “accidental” kicking or fights over who picks the next song.
    In this family, where we listen to pop, rock and rap alongside a mash-up of gospel hits, where we talk about feelings, I am deeply loved, needed and known. But there are times when I still feel lonely. Not in the weekend-plans way, but in the overwhelming feeling that I wasn’t built for this role and what it requires. I had always thought of family as something that could protect you from loneliness, but what I’m realizing now is that loneliness also creeps in when you can’t meet your family’s needs – even when some of those needs mirror your own.
    When one child requires an extremely busy schedule while another suddenly needs an activity or trip to cheer up, or when one works best while humming and another can’t find their headphones fast enough – I need to stop, do some breathing exercise, and save the day. But nothing in my brain says: Hang in there, you can do this! Instead, my own personal brand of black-and-white thinking declares: You can’t do this. You don’t even fit here, in the very family you helped create.
    I know that isn’t true. I do fit here, even when it’s hard. The five of us are built into each other, in ways I’ll never be able to measure or name.
    I guess we have to “go through good times and through bad” in the family. Here I’m teaching my kids to read. Here’s the strawberry cake I baked from scratch.
    Here we are, thinned out and tired, with not enough answers, wishing the world was less of an affront to our way of being. Here we are, much more than a collection of needs. But when we feel like a collection of needs, let us be a family.

    In her youth, the author dreamed of …

    1)travelling abroad.
    2)going camping.
    3)moving to the West.
    4)having a big family.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  7. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Punctuality
    There are few habits as infuriating as someone making us wait. But, despite what may be running through your mind as you’re kept waiting again, it’s unlikely your friends and colleagues are just being selfish or do not care about the time. A look into the causes of lateness (or tardiness) offers a glimpse into a mind that may be malfunctioning.
    Perceptions of unpunctual people are almost always negative. “It is easy to perceive them as disorganised, chaotic, rude and lacking in consideration for others,” says Harriet Mellotte, a behavioural therapist in London. “Outside of my clinical practice, others being late can particularly get under my skin!”
    But, many late people are at least somewhat organised and want to keep friends, family and bosses happy. The punctually-challenged are often excruciatingly aware and ashamed of the damage their lateness could do to their relationships, reputations and careers. Some excuses are fairly universally accepted – an accident or ailment, for example. But others aren’t so easy to swallow. Some late people will pass it off as a symptom of being concerned with loftier matters than time-keeping or having the body clock of a night owl rather than a lark.
    Personality differences could also dictate how we experience the passing of time. Jeff Conte, a psychology professor at San Diego State University, ran a study in which he separated participants into Type A people (ambitious, competitive) and Type B (creative, reflective, explorative). He asked them to judge, without clocks, how long it took for one minute to elapse. Type A people felt a minute had gone by when roughly 58 seconds had passed. Type B participants felt a minute had gone by after 77 seconds. “Being consistently late might not be your fault. It could be your type. The punctually-challenged often share personality characteristics such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety”, he says.
    Dr Linda Sapadin, a psychologist from New York, says some persistent lateness comes from “an obsessive thinking problem”. The procrastinator focuses on a fear attached to the event or deadline for which they are running late. Rather than figuring out how to get beyond the fear, the fear becomes the excuse – usually expressed with a ‘but’ statement. For instance, you might tell yourself, “I wanted to be on time for that event but I couldn’t decide what to wear; I started to write an article but I was afraid my colleagues would find it not good enough,” she explains. “Whatever comes after the ‘but’ is what counts,” says Sapadin. She suggests changing the word ‘but’ to ‘and’. ‘But’ denotes opposition and blockage; ‘And’ denotes connection and resolution, she explains, so “the task becomes less frightening.”
    Dr Sapadin started on her path to punctuality by identifying and adapting the very thing that seemed to always make her late. “Instead of getting angry or upset because a friend or a loved one is always late, you can take a stand and set boundaries,” she says. “Talk about what you will do if the other person isn’t on time. Tell your late friend you’ll go into the movie without them if they’re more than ten minutes late. Tell that colleague who never turns his part of the project in on time that it just won’t be included next time – and the boss will know about it.”
    For me, a turning point came when a good friend drew her line in the sand. I was an hour late for a run in our local park. “That was it,” she said. “The truth is, I’m not going to make any more plans with you.” And so she set in motion the best thing for me: she put an end to my perpetual lateness.

    According to the author, the cause of unpunctuality is likely to be that a person …

    1)doesn’t care about other people.
    2)is unaware of the time.
    3)has psychological problems.
    4)is ill-mannered and undisciplined.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  8. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Edible Gold
    I like to think of myself as an open-minded person, someone who is tolerant to those with different beliefs, however wacky they may seem to me. Every rule has its exceptions, though.
    A few years ago while traveling in England, I met a woman who asked me if I’d heard of edible gold. I replied that I had, as I’d seen a TV show about chefs using gold leaves as a decorative but edible garnish on dishes. I assumed that’s what she was talking about. But she seemed very surprised and in a hushed, conspiratorial tone, began excitedly talking about how the ancient Egyptians had discovered that by eating powdered gold, one could become immortal. Very clearly, she believed this too. OK. I felt that all my good intentions of open-mindedness went out the window – that was just way too strange for me.
    Later, when I consulted Google to see if I could learn more about this outrageous claim, I was shocked and dismayed to find thousands of Web pages describing, with great seriousness, a miraculous substance usually referred to as white powder gold. Even though I can’t claim the slightest expertise in this esoteric field, I thought I’d make an attempt to distil the essence of these claims for your consideration.
    Let’s begin with culinary gold. If you walk into your nearest gourmet supply store, you can probably find, for about US$20, a box of gold leaf manufactured expressly to enable you to impress your friends at your next dinner party. These unbelievably thin pieces of nearly pure gold add an impressive touch to chocolates, soups, sushi, or just about anything else you can think of. Because the quantity of gold is so small, the price is reasonable; yet these gold highlights make a meal appear to be extravagant and give restaurants an excuse to charge exorbitant prices.
    Some purveyors of mineral supplements sell a gold colloid: a suspension of extremely tiny particles of metallic gold in water. In a gold colloid, each particle contains nine atoms of gold. Its daily dose is enough to provide a wide range of health benefits. Here, at least, there is some research behind it. A few studies found the product to be effective in managing rheumatoid arthritis and also, intriguingly, increasing I.Q. scores. These claims are at least plausible.
    Our next step is one decidedly outside the realm of scientific certainty. David Hudson, a farmer living in Arizona, was trying to extract gold and silver from the tailings of an abandoned mine in the mid-1970s. In the process, he found a mysterious substance that defied analysis, despite years of experimentation by reputable laboratories, undertaken at great personal expense. Hudson eventually concluded the white powder was gold in a monatomic state and it has some amazing properties: when heated it can levitate and has a long list of incredible health benefits.
    Hudson even received patents in Britain and Australia, though not in the USA. I should interject that the awarding of a patent does not mean that a government agency has successfully reproduced the invention in question, or even that they have validated it as being scientifically sound. Interested in alchemy Hudson became convinced that his white powder gold was the stuff of many legends. He equated it with “the philosopher’s stone”, and “the food of the gods”, among other things. Hudson believed he had rediscovered an ancient alchemical formula. And, naturally, numerous companies sell solid or liquid forms of “white powder gold” supposedly created using variants of Hudson’s recipe.

    The author describes the meeting with the woman as …

    1)the funniest event in his life.
    2)a challenge to his open-mindedness.
    3)a source of his knowledge of edible gold.
    4)a very mysterious event.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  9. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    How to choose the right career
    The old saying ‘find a job you love and never work a day in your life’ puts a great deal of pressure on people who are trying to choose the right career. Can you really find one that is so enjoyable it won’t even feel like work?
    Well, that might be a bit of an exaggeration. No matter how much effort you put into picking an occupation, there are days when it will feel like work. However, there will be others when you will think, ‘I would do this even if I weren’t getting paid.’ The trick is to choose a career that has many more great days than ones that aren’t so great.
    With thousands of occupations to pick from, to increase the odds of career satisfaction, find one that is a good fit for your interests, aptitudes, work-related values, and personality type. It is also essential that you enjoy the majority of the job’s duties, the earnings are acceptable, and the job outlook (that is the potential future of the profession) is good. Here’s how to go about making a good match.
    Your first order of business is to learn as much as possible about yourself. If you think you know all there is to know, the results of a self-assessment will be eye-opening. A career development professional, for example, a career counselor or career development facilitator, can help you with this step, but don’t be discouraged if you can’t afford to hire one.
    Many public libraries offer free career planning services. If your local library doesn’t, the librarian can recommend local agencies that offer career counseling. Instead of meeting with a counselor, there are also free or low-cost career assessments available online. If you attended college, consider contacting that institution’s career services office. As an alumnus, you may be able to access them. In addition, academic programs that train career counselors often have students work with clients at little-to-no cost to gain experience.
    The results from your self-assessment will include a list of occupations that are a good fit for you based on all the factors it examined, but the quest to find the right career doesn’t end here. While some of the occupations may be nearly perfect for you, others may be all wrong. Even though they are a good match for your personality type, interests, values, and aptitude, they may be unsuitable in other ways. For example, the job duties may not appeal to you, the outlook may be poor, or the required education or training could be more than you are willing to complete.
    Make an informed decision by exploring each of the careers on your list. Read descriptions of the occupations and ignore your prejudices. Unless you have personal experience or have done prior research, there’s still a lot to learn before you can decide whether a career would be right for you.
    After finding out what it would be like to work in an occupation, see what the educational requirements are. If they don’t match your educational goals, cross them off your list. If you’ve always dreamed of going to college, don’t pick an occupation for which you only need a high school diploma.
    Finally, you will do yourself a disservice if you don’t consider the job outlook. Investing time in training for a career only to find out there are limited opportunities will waste your time, effort, and money.
    After narrowing down your list to just a few careers, it is time to dig a little deeper. Continue your research by conducting informational interviews with people who work in the occupations you are seriously considering. Getting their perspectives can help you make a more informed decision and study for the career that is ideal for you.

    In the author’s opinion, an ideal occupation is the one that ...

    1)makes you enjoy every moment of your working life.
    2)brings you satisfaction most of the time.
    3)does not require you to work hard.
    4)provides you with a big monetary reward.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  10. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    How different cultures handle personal space
    Our perspectives on personal space – the distance we keep between us and the person in front of us on an elevator – are often heavily influenced by the norms of the places we inhabit. If someone comes more into your personal space than you are used to, you can often feel like, ‘What’s happening here?’ And it is easy to misread what someone is actually communicating if you only come from your cultural perspective.
    I am in noisy Cairo, a crowded city of some 16 million people. In the summer it feels like everyone is sitting on top of you in the smog and heat. On my balcony I can see the lady across the alley ironing her clothes. Last week I was watching television and someone yelled from the building next door to turn it down. I spent one day on a microbus, a type of minivan Egyptians use to get around the city. I was squished in the back next to two other women, and 12 more people were piled in. Young boys with no cash jumped on the back for a free ride.
    Walking around the city is like dealing with an obstacle course. The narrow streets are made more narrow by cars parked on the sidewalks, sometimes even in the middle of the street. Standing in one of the most crowded parts of Cairo, Giza Square, you really have no sense of personal space. There are too many people to have that. There is no legal time to cross the street, you just cross when you can. A man brushed up right against me, didn’t even notice, and didn’t even apologise – because that’s normal here.
    In the morning Egyptians crowd around breakfast stands throughout the capital. Men serve up hot veggies and bread. People eat at the stand as others flash money above their heads to get service, bodies pressed up against each other. A friend jokes that by the time you get your food, you need to shake the other patrons out of your clothes.
    Without space there is no privacy. In every Cairo apartment building there is a bawab, the building guard. He knows the comings and goings of every resident on the street. But the closeness is also comforting. It is a fundamentally kind city. If you fall, people will rush to your aid. No one will walk by thinking, ‘not my problem.’ It is loud, crowded and claustrophobic, and it is maddening and wonderful at the same time.
    I’m in Sao Paulo’s metro system. This is a city of 20 million people – one of the largest cities in the world. Some people take three hours every day just to get to work, going from one side of the city to another. In most countries in the world, people are on the metro staring at their feet, or they have got their headphones on and they are in their own little world. But here people are very engaged, talking to one another, and interacting. It is a much livelier scene than in many other cities.
    Another surprising aspect to life here: there is a lot of respect for the elderly and mothers with children. At the supermarket, at the cinema, at government offices, they have special lines that give these individuals priority. Family is important here. Because of the high cost of living they tend to be small, but families here are close-knit. Everyone gathers on a Sunday for lunch, but they often visit during the week as well. And that sense of caring translates into how people treat others in public spaces.
    As I am standing on the metro, I see a young woman offer her seat to an older one with a smile. The retiree says she often gets offered a seat. Still, she tells me, Brazil is an unsafe country and she is often nervous when out in the city. That is what makes this all the more surprising. People say that safety is one of their main concerns when they go on public transport, but that doesn�t stop them from this important human-to-human contact.

    It is necessary to be aware of cultural differences related to personal space in order to …

    1)stand at a short distance from people.
    2)correctly understand what someone means.
    3)behave appropriately in public transport.
    4)see things the same way as others.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  11. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Why you need to pick up a book again
    According to Pew Research Center findings from 2018, 24 percent of the population had not read a book in the past year. And for those that do read, the American Times Use Survey – conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics – found that Americans over the age of 15 spend only about sixteen minutes a day reading for personal development. However, one silver lining of the pandemic may be that we are reading more. In fact, in the past year, 35 percent of the population have been reading more than they had in previous years.
    You may say, books are not the only sources of written text or, more broadly, information in our lives. We tend to spend two hours and twenty four minutes per day on social media. Interestingly, reading versus using social media have very different outcomes when it comes to our mental health. While many believe their mood will improve after checking their social media, many report that it actually worsens following a social media scroll. Yet, when people engage in reading – whether it is for self-help or for fun – reading has been shown to reduce stress. In fact, just six minutes of reading a day can reduce stress levels.
    Here are just a few ways that reading can benefit you.
    Reading is a form of mindfulness. Because we are often multitasking (which puts a heavy cognitive load on our brains), we often experience greater brain fog, difficulty concentrating, and irritability. When you settle down into a book, you are brought into the here and now, where you can focus presently on the story. The key is to stick with it. Especially if you are not used to reading, it can feel really uncomfortable to lean in. However, tell yourself that you are going to read at least ten pages to start. Chances are, you will want to keep going by the time you hit page 10.
    Reading can improve your emotional intelligence. Citing Christensen’s article from CNN Health, she includes a quote from Keith Oatley, a cognitive psychology professor emeritus at the University of Toronto, and an award-winning novelist. He stated, “Those who read fiction may understand people better than others. A work of fiction is a piece of consciousness that can pass from one mind to another, and that reader can make it their own.”
    Thus, when we take the time to really listen to another perspective, we can build our empathy in a profound way. In fact, fiction may be even more potent
    at some point, as it really goes into deep character development, and we gain a better understanding of the “why” behind a character’s motives.
    Reading has all kinds of cognitive benefits. Not only has reading been shown to improve sleep, but readers are also shown to have improved concentration and demonstrate greater memory retention. So, if you have been feeling cloudy, reading may be the perfect thing to sharpen your ability to recall.
    Even better is if you take a highlighter or pen to the lines that stand out to you. Write in the margins and include follow-up questions for yourself to build off of the text. Add your ideas that arise when you are reading. This will help you deepen your critical thinking skills.
    And one of the best parts about reading a good book? You can always pass it along to someone who will enjoy it next. Surprise them with a package in the mail or drop it off on their doorstep. I frequently do this on my social media account, where I offer to ship the books I have read to my community. I find that people love it! This is a great way to ensure that your books are bringing joy to others, rather than just gathering dust.

    Which fact about reading habits is FALSE, according to Paragraph 1?

    1)In 2018 almost a quarter of the US population did not read books.
    2)Adults in the US read half an hour a day for personal development.
    3)Teenagers and adults spend less than 20 minutes reading for development.
    4)During the previous year, more than a third of the citizens read more than before.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  12. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    How I learnt Chinese
    I believe that random chance plays a more significant role in our lives than many people realise. The reason I started learning Chinese was a long string of fairly unlikely coincidences. Looking back, they all combine neatly to form who I am today and what I do, but that certainly wasn’t a strategic goal at the time. To find out about why I started learning Chinese in the first place, we need to wind the clock back almost 20 years.
    For me, the journey probably started in junior high school, when I started practising martial arts. I found Japanese martial arts to be too rigid with set uniforms, a strict grading system and a training environment with numerous rituals, and switched to a different system. Who knows, if I had stuck to Japanese martial arts, I might have ended up with hacking Japanese instead. That would have been cool, too, but that’s not what happened.
    My interest for the language came from a deeper interest in the system of thought behind the Eastern philosophy. I started thinking about and reading up on it. I studied translations of Tao Te Ching, listened and read everything I could find by Alan Watts, who has had a great impact on the way I think. In 2006, two good friends of mine told me that there was a new course at the university where you could study the Chinese language and culture intensively for one year. At this point, I had already studied at university for three years, but I felt that this was a good opportunity to take a break from that and learn some Chinese.
    So I did. I took a study break from the teacher’s program and enrolled in a one-year intensive program. Some lessons focused on general proficiency, including textbook reading, translation and drilling. Most vocabulary learning was done at home and then used and/or tested during lessons. We also had lessons focusing more on translation into Chinese, which were meant to cover the productive aspects of learning, but fell short mostly because of the lack of class time, not because the actual lessons were bad. Since we were around 20 students, there was little one-on-one time with anyone who could actually speak Chinese.
    My decision to continue studying Chinese in Taiwan was mostly a coincidence. My teacher in Sweden forwarded a note about a scholarship, and I applied for it without really expecting either to get it or to continue studying Chinese. When I actually received the scholarship, I had to go. You don’t turn down an offer of studying a language for one year with most costs covered.
    Learning in a classroom is not enough, even if the classroom is located in a Chinese-speaking environment. Most language schools are fairly traditional and stay close to the textbook, focusing a lot on reading and vocabulary. Even though I spoke a lot in class, too (small class size is a blessing), that was far from enough. I limited my use of English to about once per week when I played games with a group of other foreigners. The rest of the time I spent with native friends, language exchange partners and foreign classmates whose Chinese was a lot better than mine. I also practised some sports, such as diving, which meant I got to know native speakers who were far from campus, both literally and metaphorically speaking.
    After that year, I had reached some kind of conversational fluency, but I didn’t think my Chinese was good enough to make a living from. The decision, then, was to stay for another year, which would firmly put me in the advanced category, then go home and continue my teaching education.

    The author is sure that his learning experience …

    1)played a critical role in his life.
    2)consisted of random events.
    3)went according to his plan.
    4)taught him how to set goals.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  13. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Will online education replace classroom education anytime soon?
    Over the last decade, the number of people taking online courses and using technology as a tool to enhance their education has increased dramatically. You can now master a foreign language or complete a whole degree without leaving the comfort of your sofa. You can decide not only when you want to learn but also how you want to learn. Meanwhile, the range of technology used inside the classroom has also boomed, with the rise of smartboards, digital textbooks and, most notably, the tools offered on the Internet. But what does this mean for teachers? While many teachers are excited by technology, others are concerned by its rapid development. They wonder whether they themselves could be replaced.
    Technology gives us abundant opportunities. In a geography lesson, we can now transport students to explore another country. In an English class, we can take them back in time to experience Shakespeare’s plays as they were performed during his lifetime. Students are able to watch videos at home that explain how to use algebra, or allow them to see first-hand the life cycle of a plant. Technology doesn’t discriminate based on a student’s ability or skill. It provides an opportunity to engage students using a medium that they recognise. Technology is growing not just within our classrooms but also in our everyday lives, so it is natural that we should increasingly incorporate it into classrooms.
    Crucially, the use of technology in the classroom doesn’t lessen the need for great teachers. In fact, it is great teachers who make using technology so significant in students’ education. Whilst technology is able to take on a whole host of tasks, it does have its shortcomings. The most prominent drawback is its inability to interact with humans. Technology can facilitate the learning process. However, it cannot replace the role of the teacher. Computers do not teach children to question, to discriminate among sources of information, to weigh perspectives. They do not explain how to think about consequences, to bring contextual meaning to a situation, to be creative, or to make careful judgments. Without a great teacher, technology merely becomes an automated tool and stops inspiring and engaging students. Ultimately, it isn’t about teachers being replaced by technology but how teachers can adapt to incorporate technology in their lessons.
    As much innovation as the iPad may bring to the classroom, it is not going to replace a teacher anytime soon. In fact, the influx of technology like iPads means there is a greater need for teachers. We need teachers who are part early adopter, part integrator, and part mad scientist. The modern teacher must be willing to take chances and able to figure out not just how technology works, but how it works for each student, and where its use is most appropriate.
    The question of whether technology will replace teachers is an age-old debate and one that is likely to continue as technology evolves further. In the same way that the calculator didn’t displace maths teachers, technology will continue aiding teachers to educate well-rounded and engaged students. As our Hugo Wernhoff notes, “We’re not only in it to offer flexibility in time and place for students, or lower costs for providers. Our main ambition is instead to deliver better learning.” Technology can only assist in delivering better learning when it is used by a great teacher. Students will always benefit from the guidance and instruction of a teacher at the front of a classroom.

    According to the text, online education is becoming more popular because of its …

    1)teachers.
    2)ease.
    3)flexibility.
    4)cost.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  14. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Gap year
    Once only a common occurrence in Europe, embarking on a year-long break, or gap year, before starting college has become almost mainstream in the U.S. Even former presidents’ children took a year off before attending university. And now college graduates are increasingly taking a gap year before graduate school.
    By the time students graduate from college, they may have been going to school for some 20 years. The idea of charging right into another two to seven (or more) years of academia, depending on a student’s post-graduate goals, can be daunting. Educational burnout is a real possibility for some. A gap year allows students to take a breather – to rest, recharge, refresh, reinvigorate and reflect on the next step in life.
    “It’s a very American mindset to keep going and going and going,” says Yulia Fires, a founder of a consulting firm that provides support for students taking a gap year. “I call it the ‘conveyor-belt mindset’ of kindergarten through high school, into college, into grad school, then you get a career, and then you retire … We are obsessed, as a culture, with productivity. People need to be more deliberate with their choices, and a gap year offers that time for deep reflection, and also for deliberate action to inform their grad school choices.”
    No longer are the only options graduate school or a job. The gap year offers a third, just-as-productive option, which can include travel, volunteering, internships, experiential learning opportunities, or working professionally to gain experience in one’s chosen field. The possibilities are endless. “The magic of a gap year is in trying different things and awakening interests or skills that may have stayed dormant in your college years,” Fires says.
    While little official data has been kept on gap years, especially pre-grad school, the Gap Year Association says gap years are increasing in popularity in the U.S., as evidenced by a booming industry of gap year programs.
    This organization also conducted the first-ever nationwide study on the effects of a gap year experience. While the survey was of students who had participated in a gap year before starting college, some of the data can be applied to pre-grad-school “gappers” – especially regarding the motivation for taking a gap year. Of the gappers surveyed, 92 percent cited a desire to gain life experience and personal growth; 85 percent wanted to travel, see the world, and experience other cultures; and 81 percent wanted a break from the traditional academic track.
    “Put it in this perspective. You’re 22 years old. What is a year in the grand scheme of your life, and for the purpose of discovery and maybe a little adventure or education?” Fires says. “When you survey people who have done it, they say they wouldn’t give it back for the world.”
    To get the most out of a gap year, planning ahead is key. Students should figure out what they want to do, where they want to go, what goals they hope to achieve and how much they are able to spend – and then establish a timeline with a firm end date.
    Whether the year will include travel, volunteering, a job, or time for quiet self-improvement, students can opt to participate in structured programs, or tailor their own self-directed year. While there is no right or wrong way to take a gap year, it is important that students remain engaged and spend that time doing something that will further their personal, academic or professional development. In my opinion, people deserve to take some time out to pursue other interests tangential to their career path and just good for their mental well-being.

    Which is the recent trend in taking a gap year, according to the article?

    1)More Europeans than Americans now take a gap year.
    2)Famous people start taking a gap year more regularly.
    3)A gap year after college is more common than after grad school.
    4)More students take a gap year after getting their first degree.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  15. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    Attendance requirements
    Studying at university can be very different from school, sixth form or college. Your term time will be different, as will your classes. Whether attendance is mandatory or not will also vary. Your classes will be divided into lectures and seminars. You will also have study sessions and inductions each year. Failure to attend mandatory sessions could have implications on your progression towards your degree, so it is important to understand what is mandatory and what is not.
    Most universities do care about attendance. Universities generally associate good attendance with good academic performance, and therefore strongly encourage students to attend all of their seminars and lectures. Many universities will have an attendance threshold which students must reach. Likewise, module tutors may use a register to log and monitor the attendance of students for each seminar and lecture.
    The real world has attendance requirements, too. If you don’t meet those expectations, you will get penalized. Jobs, for example, have required attendance. If you skip a day of work because you’re not up to it, you will probably face consequences. You have to be actively present to achieve your career goals, you can’t coast through your career like you may in college. College prepares you for the real world, so class attendance benefits your education and your future. That’s why many people think class attendance should be mandatory – to ensure students are engaged in their academic studies.
    But, even without required attendance, it is your job to show up. Tests often reflect lectures, so being in class can help you more easily answer test questions. Most classes use participation to discuss topics in class, which goes beyond just needing to know it for tests. Attendance also makes it easier to work with fellow students and professors, so as to better understand the topics.
    Active participation is not just for jobs and school. It can help you in life as well. Attending class would help emphasize that people need to be active in their role in society. This includes participating in things like elections, community service, and volunteering.
    Most notably, we must pay for the classes we take, so missing a class means we hurt ourselves by wasting money, time, and educational opportunities. Not everyone gets to attend a uni, so why not take advantage of this opportunity?
    On the other hand, if attendance is not required, you can choose whether or not to get out of bed in the morning and make your way to class. I must admit that there are days I may really want to choose not to go to class. But it is required, so I feel as though I have no choice at all. Maybe I feel a cold coming on but can’t make it to a doctor for a sick note, or I had to work extra late at my part-time job the night before. Most frequently I need some extra time to catch up on the overwhelming amount of homework I have been assigned in all of my classes.
    Regardless of the reason, the choice should be mine. I understand that going to class is beneficial in many ways. But burnout is real. Many full-time students work just to make ends meet, and you can’t always predict illnesses well enough to get a university approved absence.
    The requirement to attend classes can negatively affect grades and cause a great deal of stress for students that are under enough stress already. Many students who are not able to attend every single class still deserve a decent grade, and they work very hard to maintain one. We are adults. We are choosing to further our education. Therefore, we should also be given the choice to attend class or not – without it being detrimental to our grades.

    According to the text, attendance at university …

    1)is similar to that in college or school.
    2)can greatly influence your final result.
    3)depends mainly on your preferences.
    4)is not obligatory for the majority of universities.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

  16. Задание 12

    Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
    An end to second-hand coffee
    To the naked eye, this farm is just like any other. But it doesn’t take long to realise that the farm of Jesus Martin, though not huge, is anything but ordinary.
    Martin grew up like many others in the Santa Ana Valley – known as the Coffee Triangle of Colombia – on a coffee farm owned by his father and grandfather. “I am the youngest of six children and we all worked the farm,” Martin said. “My parents focused their energies on teaching us the agricultural trade, but also the love behind it.” Despite this great dedication to coffee and respect for his family business, he ended up pursuing a different career altogether: law and business management. It didn’t come easy to him as coffee was never far away.
    During every visit to his family’s humble farm, the rich aromas of beans roasting and the smell of his mother’s carrot cake caused his heart to beat faster. Coffee was his life, and in 2004, after years practicing law, he found a way to combine his legal knowledge, business education and family’s lifeline into what he called “the coffee dream project”.
    Despite growing some of the most coveted beans in the world, most Colombians have never even tasted the Colombian coffee that is renowned around the world. Instead, local people drink what they call “second-hand coffee”, which is made from berries that haven't fully ripened, have been over-roasted or even infected with insects and diseases. Like most businesses in struggling economies, the farmers only make profits on exports – so they save their best stuff for higher paying countries. “Farming coffee for a profit is very challenging,” Martin explained, tossing a few berries in his hand. “The coffee trade intermediaries, exporters, roasters and big multinational companies are the ones that benefit the most in the coffee-trade chain.” Martin’s dream project, however, was to turn this process around, bringing specialty coffee back to Colombia.
    The project, however, was a total surprise for his family. “When I first informed them, they told me I was crazy, they said it was a wild goose chase.”
    Even with his background in farming, starting the project from the ground up was difficult. Convincing his workers to focus on quality was his biggest concern; most only cared about quantity since their wage was dependent on how many beans they picked. Martin recalled many hours, days and weeks training local farmers to understand the process, from the colours of the raw berries to the smell and taste of the beans once they’d been dried and sorted.
    Once the farmers understood the importance of quality, it was onto phase two: bring the roasting process in-house, instead of paying for the beans to be roasted elsewhere. Buying his own roaster – one of the only five in the entire country – was expensive, but the purchase offered a huge saving in roasting, packaging and exporting costs.
    By 2008, his passion started to pay off; he opened his flagship store Café Jesus Martin in Salento. The shop and its team of trained baristas, Martin said, have done much to teach the locals about enjoying specialty coffee. The look on their face when they take their first sip is what keeps him motivated. “They are reacting so positively; they’re discovering something entirely different than what they’re used to consuming,” Martin said. “When they discover the difference in quality of their coffee, they start to care more about where and whom it’s coming from.”

    The author introduces the farm where Jesus Martin grew up as …

    1)a quite typical one.
    2)a rather special one.
    3)an extremely small one.
    4)a very profitable one.

    Источник: ФИПИ (по данным открытых источников).

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Проверено . Источники: ФИПИ — открытый банк заданий ЕГЭ · ФИПИ — спецификации и демоверсии ЕГЭ. Официальные решения публикуют Рособрнадзор, ФИПИ и Минпросвещения — при расхождении верны они.